Socioeconomic Inequalities in Intimate Partner Violence: Evidence from Vietnam.

Although socioeconomic inequality has been identified as a significant factor for violence against women, the connection between these two variables has not been widely recognized and addressed in many countries. This study aims to quantify the degree of socioeconomic inequalities in intimate partner violence (IPV) in Vietnam and investigate the contribution of each determinant factor that contributes to the observed inequality. We utilized the Vietnamese National Survey on Domestic Violence against Women (N = 4,019) for the analysis. Household wealth was used as a proxy for socioeconomic status. We used a concentration index to quantify the degree of socioeconomic inequality in emotional, physical, or sexual violence and a combination of these three types of violence. We further decomposed the concentration index to identify the contribution of each determinant to the observed inequality in IPV. We found that the prevalence of IPV was significantly concentrated among the worse-off across all types of IPV and that disparities in husband's occupation (48%), women's education (39%), husband's education (38%), and class (34%) were the primary factors contributing to increased inequalities in IPV. Our results indicated that higher education and engagement in skilled jobs were highly concentrated among the better-off, creating unequal distribution of these variables across wealth. Policy could mitigate the inequality in IPV by expanding women's access to education and economic opportunities. However, interventions should target both men and women and within couples because husband's characteristics also play an important role in explaining socioeconomic inequalities in IPV.

An Exploration of Australian Online Government Portals for Women Experiencing Domestic Violence During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Domestic violence against women increased during COVID-19 lockdowns. This inaugural study examined the content of Australian government online portals, for women seeking support and help for domestic violence, during the 2021 COVID-19 pandemic. This mixed methods study incorporated four phases: a search; measurement of portal quality standard using DISCERN; enumeration of portal items; and a qualitative exploration of portal text. Australian governments must continue to work alongside domestic violence services as we found some portals were better than others. Continued review, revision, and funding are needed to meet the demands associated with this evolving public health emergency.

What Are the Saudi Community Attitudes Towards Domestic Violence Against Women? A Cross-Sectional Study From Riyadh.

INTRODUCTION: Culture and social norms shape attitudes towards domestic violence against women (DVAW). Attitudes accepting DVAW contribute to violence. There is scarce evidence about community attitudes towards DVAW in Saudi Arabia. The study explores the Saudi community attitudes towards DVAW. METHODS: The study utilized a descriptive cross-sectional design using a self-report structured questionnaire to collect socio-demographic data and participants' attitudes towards DVAW. RESULTS: The study sample included 831 Saudi participants, 414 females and 417 males, between 18 and 79 years old. The majority of participants (69.5%) showed rejection of DVAW. Women were five times more likely to reject DVAW than men (OR = 5.19, 95% CI [3.6-7.4]). Participants with pre-university education and lower living standards reported rejection of DVAW compared to their counterparts. DISCUSSION: The results can help stakeholders develop strategies and awareness campaigns targeting different educational and living levels to minimize DVAW.

Frequency and determinants of domestic violence against Iranian women during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national cross-sectional survey.

INTRODUCTION: Domestic violence (social, legal, and health violence) is the most common type of violence against women. Due to factors such as the current quarantine, this type of violence has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. The present study aimed to assess the frequency of domestic violence against women and identify the risk factor among Iranian women during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: This online cross-sectional study was conducted on 203 Iranian women during May-June 2020. Data were collected using a domestic violence questionnaire, which measured three forms of violence, including physical, emotional, and sexual violence. A link of the questionnaire was distributed among anonymous subjects through social networking apps, such as WhatsApp and Telegram. The subjects were asked to complete the questionnaire based on their experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and a regression model. RESULTS: The descriptive results showed that the mean domestic violence against women in all the participants was 34.9 (SD: 17.28). In addition, 26.6% (n = 84), 26.1% (n = 53), and 21.2% of the subjects (n = 43) experienced high levels of physical, emotional, and sexual violence during the COVID-19 pandemic, respectively. The regression model also indicated that lower age, illiteracy/primary education, previous marriage(s), and unwanted/unwise marriage were the significant risk factors for domestic violence against women. CONCLUSION: According to the results, domestic violence against women is common among Iranian women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, strategies are urgently needed to prevent and minimize such domestic violence, and such strategies could be adopted through providing educational opportunities, raising awareness, promoting wanted/wise marriage, and providing social support and rehabilitation opportunities to vulnerable social groups, especially vulnerable women.

Cross-cultural adaptation of the Module for Assessment of Domestic Violence, adapted from Axis I of the Operationalized Psychodynamic Diagnosis (OPD-2), with a sample of Brazilian women, victims of domestic violence / Adaptação transcultural do Módulo de Avaliação da Violência Doméstica do Diagnóstico Psicodinâmico Operacionalizado (OPD-2) em mulheres brasileiras vítimas de violência doméstica

Abstract Introduction: Intimate partner domestic violence against women causes physical and psychological harm to victims. The relevance of this topic is indisputable and there is a need to identify in greater detail how these women experience violence, since these factors have considerable clinical implications. Objective: To develop a Portuguese version of the Module for Assessment of Domestic Violence, adapted from Axis I of the Operationalized Psychodynamic Diagnosis (OPD-2), considering content validity and psychometric characteristics. Method: Cross-cultural adaptation was based on guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. OPD clinical interviews were recorded and transcribed. These interviews were analyzed by two independent judges trained in the OPD-2. Results: The sample comprised 56 women who had been victims of domestic violence, with a mean age of 30.07 years (standard deviation = 9.65). The adapted version has content validity and good psychometric characteristics. Evaluation of semantic equivalence took into account the psychodynamic references, using the same ideas as the original instrument. Interexaminer reliability between the judges was substantial (k = 0.63) and Cronbach's alpha for the new version indicates good reliability. Conclusion: The OPD-2 offers a psychodynamic diagnosis of the victim that complements traditional nosological diagnosis, particularly in the context of domestic violence with the adaptation of Axis I. Certain biases could have been detrimental to aspects of this study, but they were controlled. The study objective was achieved and the Module was successfully adapted to Brazilian Portuguese. The results are in line with those of the original study.

Resumo Introdução: A violência doméstica por parceiro íntimo contra as mulheres causa danos físicos e psicológicos às vítimas. A relevância deste tópico é indiscutível, e é necessário identificar em mais detalhe como essas mulheres sofrem violência, uma vez que esses fatores têm implicações clínicas consideráveis. Objetivo: Desenvolver uma versão em português do Módulo de Avaliação da Violência Doméstica, adaptado do Eixo I do Diagnóstico Psicodinâmico Operacionalizado (Operationalized Psychodynamic Diagnosis - OPD-2), considerando a validade de conteúdo e as características psicométricas. Método: A adaptação transcultural foi baseada nas diretrizes para o processo de adaptação transcultural de medidas de autorrelato. As entrevistas clínicas do OPD foram gravadas e transcritas. Essas entrevistas foram analisadas por dois juízes independentes treinados no OPD-2. Resultados: A amostra foi composta por 56 mulheres vítimas de violência doméstica, com idade média de 30,07 anos (desvio padrão = 9,65). A versão adaptada demonstrou validade de conteúdo e boas características psicométricas. A avaliação da equivalência semântica levou em consideração as referências psicodinâmicas, utilizando as mesmas ideias do instrumento original. A confiabilidade entre os juízes foi substancial (k = 0,63), e o alfa de Cronbach para a nova versão indica boa confiabilidade. Conclusão: O OPD-2 oferece um diagnóstico psicodinâmico da vítima que complementa o diagnóstico nosológico tradicional, particularmente no contexto de violência doméstica com a adaptação do Eixo I. Certos vieses poderiam ter sido prejudiciais aos aspectos deste estudo, mas foram controlados. O objetivo do estudo foi alcançado e o Módulo foi adaptado com sucesso para o português do Brasil. Os resultados estão alinhados com os do estudo original.

Are interventions focused on gender-norms effective in preventing domestic violence against women in low and lower-middle income countries? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: One in three women experience intimate partner violence worldwide, according to many primary studies. However, systematic review and meta-analysis of intimate partner violence is very limited. Therefore, we set to summarize the findings of existing primary studies to generate evidence for informed decisions to tackle domestic violence against women in low and lower-middle income countries. METHODS: Studies were searched from main databases (Medline via PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, PopLine and Web of Science), Google scholar and other relevant sources using electronic and manual techniques. Published and unpublished studies written in English and conducted among women aged (15-49 years) from 1994 to 2017 were eligible. Data were extracted independently by two authors, and recorded in Microsoft Excel sheet. Heterogeneity between included studies was assessed using I2, and publication bias was explored using visual inspection of funnel plot. Statistical analysis was carried out to determine the pooled prevalence using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software. In addition, sub-group analysis was carried out by study-setting and types of intimate partner violence. RESULTS: Fifty two studies were included in the systematic review. Of these, 33 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of lifetime intimate partner violence was 55% (95% CI: 52, 59%). Of these, main categories were lifetime physical violence [39% (95% CI: 33, 45%); psychological violence [45% (95% CI: 40, 52%)] and sexual violence [20% (95% CI: 17, 23%)]. Furthermore, the pooled prevalence of current intimate partner violence was 38% (95% CI: 34, 43%). Of these, physical violence [25% (95% CI: 21, 28%)]; psychological violence [30% (95% CI: 24, 36%)] and sexual violence [7.0% (95% CI: 6.6, 7.5%)] were the pooled prevalence for the major types of intimate partner violence. In addition, concurrent intimate partner violence was 13% (95% CI: 12, 15%). Individual, relationship, community and societal level factors were associated with intimate partner violence. Traditional community gender-norm transformation, stakeholders' engagement, women's empowerment, intervention integration and policy/legal framework were highly recommended interventions to prevent intimate partner violence. CONCLUSION: Lifetime and current intimate partner violence is common and unacceptably high. Therefore, concerned bodies will need to design and implement strategies to transform traditional gender norms, engage stakeholders, empower women and integrate service to prevent violence against women. PROTOCOL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO: 2017: CRD42017079977 .

Relationship between empowerment and wealth: trends and predictors in Kenya between 2003 and 2008-2009.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to examine the association between women's empowerment and wealth over time in Kenya. METHODS: Kenya Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) for 2003 and 2008-2009 were used. Eligible women and men were either married or living with a partner. Two scales were used for empowerment: female participation in decision-making, and attitudes toward domestic violence against female partners. Hierarchical linear models were used based on theoretical blocks of covariates. RESULTS: In a sample of 9847 women and 3207 men, results showed empowerment increased over time. After adjustment, female partners' reporting greater empowerment on either scale remained significantly associated with increased wealth, (urban: ß = 0.04, p value < 0.05; ß = - 0.06, p value < 0.01) and (rural: ß = 0.04, p value < 0.01, ß = - 0.07, p value < 0.01). Based on male partners' responses, female partners' participation in decision-making was associated with increased wealth in rural regions (ß = 0.04, p value < 0.01), and agreement with domestic violence towards a female partner was significantly associated with a decrease in wealth in urban regions (ß = - 0.08, p value < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Women's empowerment has increased over time in Kenya and is associated with increased family wealth. The association varies by gender of respondent and rural/urban residence.

Violência doméstica contra a mulher o encontro da revisão bibliografica e da cartografia / Domestic violence against women the meeting of bibliographic review and cartography

Esta dissertação é estruturada pela análise do que dizem os dois principais periódicos da Saúde Coletiva (Revista de Saúde Pública e Cadernos de Saúde Pública) após os dez anos da promulgação da Lei nº 11.340 de 2006 (Lei Maria da Penha/LMP). Na sequência foi feita a revisão de literatura, estruturação e síntese dos principais resultados, que foram categorizados a partir do foco (a) perfis das vítimas de violência doméstica contra a mulher, (b) perspectiva de atuação de profissionais da saúde e (c) olhar integral. Essa tipologia permitiu refletir sobre avanços, desafios e o contexto da produção de conhecimentos frente à efetiva implementação da LMP. Os resultados desta discussão me fizeram refletir sobre quem é esta mulher? O que ela deseja? O que pode fazer? Neste contexto a escrita do segundo artigo acontece. Através do cartografar de uma estrangeira na saúde coletiva, proponho a reterritorialização como caminho possível pós episódios de violência. Construo a minha caixa de ferramentas como pesquisadora em Saúde Coletiva, utilizando as obras de Sueli Rolnik (2012): Cartografia Sentimental, Alcindo Antônio Ferla (2007): Clínica em movimento: cartografia do cuidado em saúde, e Emerson Elias Merhy (2002): Cartografia do Trabalho Vivo, como forma de estruturar minha trajetória. A narrativa cartográfica vai mostrando o deslocamento de um território a outro, as afetações de algumas referências que constituem um modo de olhar o contexto da violência doméstica contra a mulher e sua superação.

This dissertation is structured by the analysis of what the two main journals of Public Health (Revista de Saúde Pública and Cadernos de Saúde Pública) say after ten years of the enactment of Law 11,340 of 2006 (Maria da Penha Law / LMP). The literature review, structuring and synthesis of the main results were categorized from the focus (a) profiles of domestic violence victims against women, (b) perspective of health professionals, and (c) integral look. This typology allowed us to reflect on advances, challenges and the context of the production of knowledge before the effective implementation of the LMP. The results of this discussion made me think about who this woman is? What does she want? What you can do? In this context the writing of the second article happens. Through the cartography of a foreigner in collective health, I propose reterritorialization as a possible way after episodes of violence. I construct my toolbox as a researcher in Public Health, using the works of Sueli Rolnik (2012): Cartografia Sentimental, Alcindo Antônio Ferla (2007): Clínica em movimento: cartografia do cuidado em saúde, e Emerson Elias Me1rh0y (2002): Cartografia do Trabalho Vivo as a way to structure my trajectory. The cartographic narrative shows the displacement of one territory to another, the affectations of some references that constitute a way of looking at the context of domestic violence against women and their overcoming.

Violência doméstica contra a mulher o encontro da revisão bibliografica e da cartografia / Domestic violence against women the meeting of bibliographic review and cartography

Esta dissertação é estruturada pela análise do que dizem os dois principais periódicos da Saúde Coletiva (Revista de Saúde Pública e Cadernos de Saúde Pública) após os dez anos da promulgação da Lei nº 11.340 de 2006 (Lei Maria da Penha/LMP). Na sequência foi feita a revisão de literatura, estruturação e síntese dos principais resultados, que foram categorizados a partir do foco (a) perfis das vítimas de violência doméstica contra a mulher, (b) perspectiva de atuação de profissionais da saúde e (c) olhar integral. Essa tipologia permitiu refletir sobre avanços, desafios e o contexto da produção de conhecimentos frente à efetiva implementação da LMP. Os resultados desta discussão me fizeram refletir sobre quem é esta mulher? O que ela deseja? O que pode fazer? Neste contexto a escrita do segundo artigo acontece. Através do cartografar de uma estrangeira na saúde coletiva, proponho a reterritorialização como caminho possível pós episódios de violência. Construo a minha caixa de ferramentas como pesquisadora em Saúde Coletiva, utilizando as obras de Sueli Rolnik (2012): Cartografia Sentimental, Alcindo Antônio Ferla (2007): Clínica em movimento: cartografia do cuidado em saúde, e Emerson Elias Merhy (2002): Cartografia do Trabalho Vivo, como forma de estruturar minha trajetória. A narrativa cartográfica vai mostrando o deslocamento de um território a outro, as afetações de algumas referências que constituem um modo de olhar o contexto da violência doméstica contra a mulher e sua superação.

This dissertation is structured by the analysis of what the two main journals of Public Health (Revista de Saúde Pública and Cadernos de Saúde Pública) say after ten years of the enactment of Law 11,340 of 2006 (Maria da Penha Law / LMP). The literature review, structuring and synthesis of the main results were categorized from the focus (a) profiles of domestic violence victims against women, (b) perspective of health professionals, and (c) integral look. This typology allowed us to reflect on advances, challenges and the context of the production of knowledge before the effective implementation of the LMP. The results of this discussion made me think about who this woman is? What does she want? What you can do? In this context the writing of the second article happens. Through the cartography of a foreigner in collective health, I propose reterritorialization as a possible way after episodes of violence. I construct my toolbox as a researcher in Public Health, using the works of Sueli Rolnik (2012): Cartografia Sentimental, Alcindo Antônio Ferla (2007): Clínica em movimento: cartografia do cuidado em saúde, e Emerson Elias Me1rh0y (2002): Cartografia do Trabalho Vivo as a way to structure my trajectory. The cartographic narrative shows the displacement of one territory to another, the affectations of some references that constitute a way of looking at the context of domestic violence against women and their overcoming.

Um movimento de reterritorialização como caminho para mulheres vítimas de violência doméstica: reflexões cartográficas de uma estrangeira na saúde coletiva / A reterritorialization movement as a way for women victims of domestic violence: Cartographic reflections of a foreigner in public health

Este artigo tem como objetivo trazer a cena a violência doméstica contra a mulher, após dez anos da Lei Maria da Penha, propondo um olhar pós violência, através do questionamento de quem é esta mulher? O que ela deseja? O que pode fazer? Neste contexto a escrita se desenvolve através do relato de experiência, com o cartografar de uma estrangeira na Saúde Coletiva, propondo a reterritorialização como um caminho possível pós episódios de violência. Construo a minha caixa de ferramentas como pesquisadora em Saúde Coletiva, utilizando as obras de Sueli Rolnik, Alcindo Antônio Ferla e Emerson Elias Merhy, como forma de estruturar minha trajetória. E no final desta análise acredito que um caminho possível seja composto por uma equipe multiprofissional com a produção de rede para/de acolhimento e escuta qualificada. E assim, as mulheres vítimas de violências doméstica, farão parte desta engrenagem e poderão fomentar o seu reterritorializar.

This article aims to bring the scene of domestic violence against women, after ten years of the Maria da Penha Law, proposing a look after violence through the questioning of who is this woman? What does she want? What you can do? In this context, writing develops through the experience report, with the mapping of a foreigner in Public Health, proposing reterritorialization as a possible pathway after episodes of violence. I construct my toolbox as a researcher in Public Health, using the works of Sueli Rolnik1, Alcindo Antônio Ferla2 e Emerson Elias Merhy3 as a way to structure my trajectory. And at the end of this analysis I believe that a possible path is composed of a multiprofessional team with network production for / host and qualified listening. And so, women victims of domestic violence, will be part of this gear and may encourage their reterritorializar.

O que revela a produção científica da saúde coletiva, após dez anos da Lei Maria da Penha / What reveals the scientific production of public health, after ten years of the Maria da Penha Law

Este artigo faz a análise do que dizem os dois principais periódicos da Saúde Coletiva (Revista de Saúde Pública e Cadernos de Saúde Pública) após os dez anos da promulgação da Lei nº 11.340 de 2006 (Lei Maria da Penha/LMP). Na sequência foi feita a revisão de literatura, estruturação e síntese dos principais resultados, que foram categorizados a partir do foco (a) perfis para as vítimas de violência doméstica contra a mulher, (b) perspectiva de atuação de profissionais da saúde e (c) o olhar integral. Essa tipologia permitiu refletir sobre avanços, desafios e o contexto da produção de conhecimentos frente à efetiva implementação da LMP. Um caminho identificado após a análise dos dados é que a violência doméstica contra a mulher não seja vista, em especial pelos profissionais de saúde, como um acontecimento isolado. O respeito a singularidade cultural exige um olhar ampliado. O serviço em saúde é parte, neste contexto, de uma rede em que outros serviços também devem compor. Para evitar uma colcha de retalhos (rotas críticas) seria fundamental a concentração de todo o aporte que congrega a LMP fisicamente em um único local, fazendo com que existam profissionais preparados e uma estrutura enxuta que possibilite um acolhimento inter e multidisciplinar, cuja potência está na soma dos serviços.

This article analyzes the two main journals of Public Health (Revista de Saúde Pública e Cadernos de Saúde Pública) after the ten years of the promulgation of Law 11,340 of 2006 (Maria da Penha Law / LMP). The literature review, structuring and synthesis of the main results were then categorized from the focus (a) profiles for the victims of domestic violence against women, (b) the perspective of health professionals, and (c) ) the integral look. This typology allowed us to reflect on advances, challenges and the context of the production of knowledge before the effective implementation of the LMP. One path identified after the data analysis is that domestic violence against women is not seen, especially by health professionals, as an isolated event. Respect for cultural uniqueness demands an expanded look. The health service is part, in this context, of a network in which other services must also compose. In order to avoid a patchwork (critical routes) it would be essential to concentrate all the contribution that brings the LMP physically in a single place, so that there are prepared professionals and a lean structure that allows an inter and multidisciplinary reception, whose power is in the sum of services.

VIOLÊNCIA CONTRA A MULHER: PROBLEMATIZANDO DEFINIÇÕES TEÓRICAS, FILOSÓFICAS E JURÍDICAS / VIOLENCIA CONTRA LAS MUJERES: PROBLEMATIZANDO DEFINICIONES TEÓRICAS, FILOSÓFICAS Y JURÍDICAS / VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN: PROBLEMATIZING THEORETICAL, PHILOSOPHICAL AND LEGAL DEFINITIONS

A violência doméstica contra a mulher é um fenômeno múltiplo e complexo que tem destacado importantes discussões teórico-filosóficas e questionamentos ético-políticos. O presente artigo se propõe a articular a perspectiva de gênero às análises sobre violência em suas dimensões subjetiva, histórica, social e cultural, buscando (re)leituras críticas acerca das definições dessas violências. O olhar sobre a cultura machista e patriarcal brasileira revela posturas de legitimação e banalização de tais violências que legislações recentes, como a Lei Maria da Penha, buscam superar. Esta lei traz inovações jurídicas e processuais que pretendem empreender mudanças legais, políticas e culturais na afirmação dos direitos humanos das mulheres. Por tais perspectivas, propomos-nos a problematizar definições e tipificações das violências contra as mulheres e articular uma compreensão com a perspectiva ética e histórica dos direitos humanos, incorporando assim as dimensões ética e política ao olhar crítico e complexo sobre a violência doméstica contra a mulher.(AU)

La violencia doméstica contra las mujeres es un fenómeno múltiple y complejo que ha destacado importantes discusiones teóricas y filosóficas, cuestiones éticas y políticas. Este artículo tiene como objetivo articular una perspectiva de género al análisis de la violencia en sus dimensiones subjetivas, históricas, sociales y culturales, buscando (re)lecturas críticas de las definiciones de la violencia. La mirada en la cultura machista y patriarcal brasileña revela posturas de legitimidad y la trivialización de tal violencia que leyes recientes, como la Ley Maria da Penha, tratan de superar. Esta ley trae innovaciones jurídicas y de procedimientos que buscan adoptar cambios jurídicos, políticos y culturales en la afirmación de los derechos humanos de las mujeres. Por estas perspectivas, nos proponemos discutir definiciones y tipificación de la violencia contra las mujeres y articular un entendimiento con la perspectiva ética e histórica de los derechos humanos, incorporando así las dimensiones éticas y políticas a la crítica sobre la violencia doméstica contra las mujeres.(AU)

Domestic violence against women is a multiple and complex phenomenon that has highlighted important theoretico-philosophical discussions and ethico-political questionings. This article aims to articulate the gender perspective to the analysis of violence, in the subjective, historical, social and cultural dimensions, seeking critic (re)readings about the definitions of these violences. The look on the sexist and patriarchal Brazilian culture reveals postures of legitimation and trivializing of these violences that recent legislation, such as the Maria da Penha Law, have tried to overcome. This law brings legal and procedural innovations that aim to take legal, political and cultural changes in the affirmation of human rights of women. By such perspective, we propose to discuss definitions and typifications of violences against women and articulate an understanding with the ethical and historical perspective of human rights. Thereby, incorporating the ethical and political dimension to the complex and critical look on domestic violence against women.(AU)

VIOLÊNCIA CONTRA A MULHER: PROBLEMATIZANDO DEFINIÇÕES TEÓRICAS, FILOSÓFICAS E JURÍDICAS / VIOLENCIA CONTRA LAS MUJERES: PROBLEMATIZANDO DEFINICIONES TEÓRICAS, FILOSÓFICAS Y JURÍDICAS / VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN: PROBLEMATIZING THEORETICAL, PHILOSOPHICAL AND LEGAL DEFINITIONS

A violência doméstica contra a mulher é um fenômeno múltiplo e complexo que tem destacado importantes discussões teórico-filosóficas e questionamentos ético-políticos. O presente artigo se propõe a articular a perspectiva de gênero às análises sobre violência em suas dimensões subjetiva, histórica, social e cultural, buscando (re)leituras críticas acerca das definições dessas violências. O olhar sobre a cultura machista e patriarcal brasileira revela posturas de legitimação e banalização de tais violências que legislações recentes, como a Lei Maria da Penha, buscam superar. Esta lei traz inovações jurídicas e processuais que pretendem empreender mudanças legais, políticas e culturais na afirmação dos direitos humanos das mulheres. Por tais perspectivas, propomos-nos a problematizar definições e tipificações das violências contra as mulheres e articular uma compreensão com a perspectiva ética e histórica dos direitos humanos, incorporando assim as dimensões ética e política ao olhar crítico e complexo sobre a violência doméstica contra a mulher...

La violencia doméstica contra las mujeres es un fenómeno múltiple y complejo que ha destacado importantes discusiones teóricas y filosóficas, cuestiones éticas y políticas. Este artículo tiene como objetivo articular una perspectiva de género al análisis de la violencia en sus dimensiones subjetivas, históricas, sociales y culturales, buscando (re)lecturas críticas de las definiciones de la violencia. La mirada en la cultura machista y patriarcal brasileña revela posturas de legitimidad y la trivialización de tal violencia que leyes recientes, como la Ley Maria da Penha, tratan de superar. Esta ley trae innovaciones jurídicas y de procedimientos que buscan adoptar cambios jurídicos, políticos y culturales en la afirmación de los derechos humanos de las mujeres. Por estas perspectivas, nos proponemos discutir definiciones y tipificación de la violencia contra las mujeres y articular un entendimiento con la perspectiva ética e histórica de los derechos humanos, incorporando así las dimensiones éticas y políticas a la crítica sobre la violencia doméstica contra las mujeres...

Domestic violence against women is a multiple and complex phenomenon that has highlighted important theoretico-philosophical discussions and ethico-political questionings. This article aims to articulate the gender perspective to the analysis of violence, in the subjective, historical, social and cultural dimensions, seeking critic (re)readings about the definitions of these violences. The look on the sexist and patriarchal Brazilian culture reveals postures of legitimation and trivializing of these violences that recent legislation, such as the Maria da Penha Law, have tried to overcome. This law brings legal and procedural innovations that aim to take legal, political and cultural changes in the affirmation of human rights of women. By such perspective, we propose to discuss definitions and typifications of violences against women and articulate an understanding with the ethical and historical perspective of human rights. Thereby, incorporating the ethical and political dimension to the complex and critical look on domestic violence against women...

Personalidade de mulheres vítimas de violência doméstica: uma revisão sistemática da literatura / Personality of women victimized by domestic violence: a systematic review

O presente artigo trata de uma revisão sistemática da literatura com o objetivo de realizar um levantamento da produção bibliográfica nacional e internacional indexada nas bases de dados MedLine, PsycINFO, Lilacs e ProQuest, publicadas de 2000 a 2012, relacionada às características de personalidade de mulheres vítimas de violência doméstica. A avaliação dos dados encontrados foi realizada a partir da identificação de 10 dimensões de análise, a saber: (i) base de dados; (ii) ano da publicação; (iii) fonte (periódico); (iv) modalidade de produção científica; (v) delineamento da pesquisa; (vi) local do estudo; (vii) número da amostra; (viii) objetivo do estudo; (ix) instrumentos utilizados (x) principais resultados. Resultados: foram encontradas apenas sete publicações que tratavam efetivamente de algum aspecto da personalidade das mulheres vítimas de violência doméstica, sendo que nenhum dos estudos foi realizado no Brasil. Todos se referem a estudos empíricos oriundos de trabalhos de pesquisa quantitativa. Os resultados dos artigos analisados sugerem que existe uma interação entre determinados estilos de personalidade, que tornam algumas mulheres mais propensas a se envolverem em experiências de violência(AU)

This paper is a systematic review of the literature aiming to systematically evaluate the bibliographic production indexed in the databases Medline, PsycINFO, Lilacs and ProQuest published from 2000 to 2012 related to the personality characteristics of women victimized by domestic violence. The evaluation of the investigated data was performed based on 10 dimensions of analysis, namely: (i) database, (ii) year of publication, (iii) source (journal), ( iv) type of scientific production; (v) research planning, (vi) place of the study, (vii) sample size, (viii) purpose of the study, (ix) kind of instruments, and (x) main results. Results: only seven publications which dealt effeectively with some aspect of the personality of women victimized by domestic violence were found and none of these studies was conducted in Brazil. All of the related cases refer to empirical studies derived from quantitative research papers. The results of the analyzed studies suggest that there is an interaction between certain personality styles that make some women more likely to engage in violence experiences(AU)

A experiência de gestação e amamentação sob a ótica de mulheres vítimas de violência conjugal / The experience of gestation and breast-feeding under the optics of women victims of conjugal violence

O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar os significados que mulheres vítimas de violência conjugal atribuem à experiência de gestação e cuidados maternos, enfatizando a questão da amamentação.O método utilizado situa-se no âmbito da pesquisa qualitativa de natureza exploratória. Foram entrevistadas 11 mulheres que sofreram violência conjugal durante a gravidez e tinham o filho mais novo com até 2 anos de idade.As entrevistas seguiram um roteiro de perguntas abertas e a técnica utilizada foi a historia de vida tópica. Os relatos foram analisados através da técnica de análise de conteúdo orientada por adaptações visando também a análise de representações sociais.Como resultados, observamos que mulheres que sofrem violência conjugal durante a gestação avaliaram que não encontraram em seus companheiros cuidados que julgavam merecer. Na concepção desse grupo de mulheres faltou apoio financeiro e afetivo por parte do companheiro. Durante a gravidez surgiram sentimentos de medo,tristeza, solidão e depressão.Também percebemos que a gravidez se mostrou um forte detonador da violência ou aumento da mesma.Já em relação aos cuidados maternos e amamentação consideram a experiência solitária, apesar de terem vivido momentos de "alegria", demonstrando que essa experiência foi cercada de sentimentos ambíguos. Para as mulheres pesquisadas, o desmame ocorreu precocemente para a grande maioria.A necessidade de trabalhar fora, a falta de informação e a própria experiência de violência foram algumas das razões expostas para não prosseguirem com a amamentação.A pesquisa também revelou que a família e, principalmente a mãe dessas mulheres, funcionou como um importante suporte social no apoio a essas vítimas, porém não suprindo todas as carências. também observamos que o serviço de saúde mostrou falhas na detecção e atuação nesse grupo de mulheres estudadas.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the motherly conceptions about the domestic/matrimonial violence consequences during the pregnancy, emphasizing the breast-feeding issue. A qualitative methodology was utilized in this study. During the research, eleven women were interviewed. All of them suffered domestic violence during pregnancy and their youngest child was up to two years old. The interviews were based on open questions and the technique applied was life history. The interviews were analyzed through content analysis. The interviewers’ speech was also analyzed through social representations. The findings showed that those women who suffered domestic violence during pregnancy did not consider their partners as supportive as they think they should be. These women stated that they lacked of emotional and financial support from their partners’ side. During the pregnancy, the women expressed feelings of fear, sadness, and solitude. Furthermore, it was perceived that the pregnancy showed as a strong detonator of the violence. Sometimes the pregnancy caused an increased of the violence suffered by these women. They considered this kind of experience as a good experience if associated to the aspects of maternal care and breast feeding. However, they considered it as a lonely experience. According to the interviews, those women stopped breast feeding early than it was supposed. The reasons for stopping the breast feeding earlier than it was supposed includes: the need of coming back to work, lack of information and the violence experienced by those women. The findings also revealed that the family, especially those women’s mothers, plays an important role as an efficient social support to these victims. On the other hand, the public health system demonstrated failures detecting and acting against this kind of violence.